Writing a literature review in the pre or post-qualification, will be required to undertake a literature review, either every bit part of a course of study, as a primal step in the research procedure. A literature review can be just a elementary summary of the sources, but information technology usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. It demands a range of skills, such as learning how to define topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval, developing the ability to analyze and synthesize information too as becoming adept at writing and reporting, often within a limited time calibration. The aim of this commodity is to present a stride-by-footstep approach to writing a literature review enquiry paper to facilitate student and novice reviewers' understanding. A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes data in a particular field of study surface area within a certain time period. A literature review of a mature topic addresses the need for a critique of, and the potential reconceptualization of, the expanding and more diversified knowledge base of the topic every bit it continues to develop. The second kind of literature review addresses new or emerging topics that would benefit from a holistic conceptualization and synthesis of the literature. Because these topics are relatively new and have not yet undergone a comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more likely to lead to an initial or preliminary conceptualization of the topic like a new model or framework. The reasons for undertaking a literature review are numerous and include eliciting information for developing policies and prove-based intendance, a step in the research process and every bit function of an bookish cess. To many qualified students faced with undertaking a literature review the task appears daunting. Oft-asked questions range from where to outset, how to select a bailiwick, and how

Criteria used to systematic review
. A synthesis matrix organized by the key studies

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47

Writing a Literaturdue east Review Research Paper:

A step- past- stride approach

Abdullah Ramdhanione, Muhammad Ali Ramdhani 2, Abdusy Syakur Amin 3

1 Section of Public Administration, Garut University

Jl. Cimanuk No. 285A, Garut-INDONESIA

aramdhani@fisip.uniga.ac.id.

2 Kinesthesia of Scientific discipline and Technology

Land Islamic Academy of Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung

Jl. A. H. Nasution No. 105, Bandung- INDONESIA

m_ali_ramdhani@uinsgd.air conditioning.id

3 Section of Industrial Engineering science and Management, Pasundan University

Jl. Dr. Setiabudi No. 193, Bandung-INDONESIA

syakuramin@gmail.com

Abstruse – Due westriting a literature review in the pre or post-qualification, will be

required to undertake a literature review, either as part of a course of study, every bit a

key stride in the research process. A literature review tin can be just a simple summary

of the sources, simply it ordinarily has an organizational pattern and combines both

summary and synthesis. It demands a range of skills, such as learning how to

define topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval,

developing the power to clarify and synthesize information besides as becoming adept at

writing and reporting, ofttimes inside a express time scale. The aim of this commodity is to

nowadays a step- by- step approach to writing a literature review research paper to

facilitate student and novice reviewers' agreement.

Key Words – Literature review; Literature searching; Due westriting a review.

1 Introduction

A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject surface area, and sometimes

information in a item subject field area inside a certain fourth dimension period. A literature review of a mature

topic addresses the need for a critique of, and the potential reconceptualization of, the expanding and

more diversified knowledge base of operations of the topic every bit information technology continues to develop. The 2nd kind of literature

review addresses new or emerging topics that would do good from a holistic conceptualization and

synthesis of the literature. Because these topics are relatively new and accept not yet nethergone a

comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more than likely to lead to an initial or preliminary

conceptualization of the topic similar a new model or framework.

The reasons for undertaking a literature review are numerous and include eliciting information for

developing policies and testify-based intendance, a pace in the enquiry process and as role of an academic

assessment. To many qualified students faced with undertaking a literature review the task appears

daunting. Frequently-asked questions range from where to start, how to select a subject area, and how

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many articles to include, to what is involved in a review of the literature (Cronin, et. al., 2008). A

literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it normally has an organizational

pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a recap of the of import

information of the source, just a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information. It

might requite a new estimation of former fabric or combine new with old interpretations. Or it might

trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. And depending on the state of affairs,

the literature review may evaluate the sources and suggest the reader on the most pertinent or relevant

(writingcenter.unc.edu).

2 What is a Literature Review

A literature review is a surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a particular

issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, providing a description, summary, and disquisitional

evaluation of these works. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have

explored while researching a detail topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your inquiry fits

into the larger field of study (libguides.usc.edu, n.d.). A literature review is a description of the

literature relevant to a item field or topic. It gives an overview of what has been said, who the key

writers are, what are the prevailing theories and hypotheses, what questions are being asked, and what

methods and methodologies are appropriate and useful. Equally such, it is non in itself primary research, simply

rather information technology reports on other findings (Emerald Group Publishing, n.d.).

The principal reports used in the literature may be verbal, but in the vast bulk of cases reports are

written documents. The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical analytic, or

methodological in nature. Second a literature review seeks to describe, summarise, evaluate, analyze

and/ or integrate the content of primary reports (Cooper, 1988).

A literature review is an objective, thorough summary and critical analysis of the relevant available

inquiry and non-enquiry literature on the topic existence studied (Hart, 1998; Cronin, et al., 2008). Its

goal is to bring the reader up- to -date with current literature on a topic and form the footing for some other

goal, such every bit the justification for hereafter inquiry in the area. A good literature review gathers

data almost a particular discipline from many sources. It is well written and contains few if any

personal biases. Information technology should contain a articulate search and pick strategy (Carnwell and Daly, 2001;

Cronin, et al., 2008). Skilful structuring is essential to enhance the flow and readability of the review

(Colling, 2003).

Literature review is different from an academic research paper. The main focus of an academic

enquiry paper is to develop a new argument, and a enquiry newspaper will contain a literature review as

i of its parts. In a enquiry paper, y'all use the literature as a foundation and equally back up for a new

insight that you contribute. The focus of a literature review, notwithstanding, is to summarize and synthesize

the arguments and ideas of others without calculation new contributions.

The vast majority of literature reviews serve as a section of a primary enquiry article that provides the

theoretical foundation for the main study that is the field of study of the articldue east. In that chapters, Fink (2005)

describes multiple purposes for literature reviews. A literature review anchors the rest of a scholarly

article. It describes the content and quality of knowledge already bachelor, and readily presents the

reader the significance of previous piece of work (Okoli & Schabram, 2010). As an academic piece, the review

cannot but regurgitate the subject area thing, but rather must contribute to the work in its dual

approach of synthesizing the available material and offering a scholarly critique of theory (Okoli &

Schabram, 2010).

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three Systematic Literature Review

The purpose of a systematic literature review is to provide as consummate a listing as possible of all the

published and unpublished studies relating to a particular subject area. It is different with traditional

reviews that attempt to summarize results of a number of studies, systematic reviews utilize explicit and

rigorous criteria to identify, critically evaluate and synthesize all the literature on a particular topic

(Cronin, et al, 2008). Primary purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a comprehensive

background for agreement current cognition and highlighting the significance of new research. It

can inspire inquiry ideas by identifying gaps or inconsistencies in a body of knowledge, thus helping

the researcher to make up one's mind or ascertain research questions or hypotheses.

Beecroft et. al. (2006) argue that a sufficiently focused inquiry question is essential before

undertaking a literature review. As, yet, it can help refine or focus a broad research question

and is united states of americaeful for both topic selection and topic refinement. It tin likewise be helpful in developing

conceptual or theoretical frameworks (Coughlan, et al, 2007; Cronnin, et al, 2008).

Parahoo (2006) suggests that a systematic review should detail the time frame within which the

literature was selected, as well as the methods used to evaluate and synthesize findings of the studies

in question. In lodge for the reader to assess the reliability and validity of the review (see effigy 1), the

reviewer needs to present the precise criteria used to: (a) Formulate the enquiry question; (b) Set

inclusion or exclusion criteria; (c) Select and access thdue east literature; (d) Asses the quality of the literature

include in the review; (e) Analyse, synthesize and disseminate the findings.

Fig.1: Criteria used to systematic review

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4 Steps in the Literature Review Process

Given the particular processes involved in systematic reviews, meta-analysis and meta-synthesis, the

focus of the remainder of this commodity is on the steps involved in undertaking a traditional or narrative

review of the literature. Cronin et. al. (2008) argue that the showtime step involves identifying the subject of

the literature review. The researcher undertaking a quantitative study may accept decided this already.

All the same, for the individual undertaking a non -research based literature review this volition be the first

step.

iv.1 Choosing a review topic

The first task to tackle, often the near difficult, in writing a review of literature is choosing a topic

(Timmins and McCabe, 2005; Cronin, et al, 2008). Often the job is especially hard because of a

lack of knowledge in the content area. Below are some hints for facilitating your pick of a topic.

Offset, skim through your textbook and identify broad topics in the field of study that interest you lot. 2nd,

read the chapters associated with the topics you pick to develop familiarity with the vocabulary (key

words), main investigators, and issues or controversies in the surface area. Tertiary, talking to others, such as

proficient, or reading effectually a topic tin as well help to identify what areas of the subject field the reviewer is

interested in and may help point how much information exists on the topic (Timmins and McCabe,

2005). The side by side step, after choosing a topic, is to become to the library and search for periodical articles

published in the area. Use primal words to detect commodity titles for specific topics; sometimes abstracts are

provided for the reader'south reference. Abstracts can be useful, time saving devices because they aid in

weeding good, associated literature from unrelated, peripheral manufactures.

Cronin (2008) explained that having sufficient literature is as well important, peculiarly when the

review is an academic assignment. These academic exercises commonly have short deadlines, and so having

plenty literature is key from the perspective of being able to practise the review and submit it on time.

Literature reviews that are part of academic coursework usually take strictly enforced word limits and

it is of import to adhere to that limit. Summitics that are besides broad volition result in reviews that are either too

long or also superficial. Every bit a rule of pollex, it is better to showtime with a narrow and focused topic, and if

necessary augment the scope of the review every bit you progress. It is much more than difficult to cut content

successfully, particularly if fourth dimension is short.

4.2 Searching and selecting appropriate articles

The next pace subsequently selected a topic is to identify, in a structured way, the appropriate and related

information. A systematic approach is considered most likely to generate a review that will be

benign in informing practice (Hek and Langton, 2000; Cronin et al, 2008). Newell and Burnard

(2006) propose that comprehensiveness and relevance are what reviewers need to consider and add together that

the more specific the topic or question being searched is, the more focused the upshot volition be (Cronin et

al, 2008).

The type of manufactures that are selected for a expert review of literature are theoretical presentations,

review manufactures, and empirical enquiry articles. Choosing the work of a single researcher may be i

method for starting a literature review. Your presentation volition be more powerful if conflicting

theoretical positions and findings are presented along with the position or prediction that you lot back up

in your newspaper. You should cull several researchers' works that have added to the knowledge base in

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a specific area. Strive to eliminate (or explicate away) articles that have faulty methods or that apply faulty

reasoning to support their findings.

Present, literature searches are undertaken most commonly using computers and electronic

databases. Computer databases offering access to vast quantities of information, which tin be retrieved

more easily and quickly than using a manual search (Younger, 2004). There are numerous electronic

databases, many of which deal with specific fields of information. Information technology is important therefore to place

which databases are relevant to the topic (Cronin et al, 2008). Existing literature reviews and

systematic reviews tin can besides be important sources of data. They can offer a skilful overview of the

inquiry that has been undertaken, so that the relevance to the present piece of work can be determined (Cronin

et al, 2008).

Cronin et. al. (2008) fence when undertaking a literature search an of import question in determining

whether a publication should be included in your review is defining the type of source. The 4 main

types of sources are outlined in Table 1. In conducting the literature search information technology is important to go along a

record of the keywords and methods used in searching the literature as these will need to be identified

later when describing how the search was conducted (Timmins and McCabe, 2005).

Table 1. Defining the types of sources for a review

Usually a written report by the original researchers of a study

Description or summary by somebody other than the original

researcher, e.g. a review article

Papers concerned with clarification or analysister of theories or

concepts associated with the topic

Views or opinions about the subject area that are not inquiry, review or

theoretical in nature

Source: Cronin et. al. (2008) p. 41

It is ever more than desirable to use primary sources whenever possible. Master sources in scientific discipline are

usually in the form of manufactures published in reputable journals. Generally, journals are regarded as

being more up- to- date than books equally sources of information (Cronin, et al, 2008). Secondary sources

include textbooks and review articles or Description or summary by somebody other than the original

researcher. Like your literature review, secondary sources do not contain new information. A look at

secondary sources is often a good move when starting a literature review, but you never rely solely on

secondary sources and always review the primary sources as a check against possible errors.

4.3 Analysing and synthesizing the literature

After you have collected the articles you intend to employ in your literature review, y'all are ready to

analyze each ane (suspension information technology down and place the of import information in it) and then synthesize the

collection of articles (integrate them and identify the conclusions that can be drawn from the articles as

a group).

Initially, it is appropriate to undertake a first read of the manufactures that take been collected to get a sense of

what they are virtually. Most published articles contain a summary or abstract at the beginning of the

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newspaper, which will assist with this process and enable the decision equally to whether it is worthy of further

reading or inclusion. At this point, it may also exist of benefit to undertake an initial classification and

group of the articles by type of source (Cronin, et al, 2008).

There are a number of tools that can help us analyze and synthesize our key sources. Table ii testify

near using a synthesis matrix to organize the sources in your literature review and integrate them into

a unique estimation that non only serves as the foundation of your study but also contributes to the

dialogue in your field and establishes your credibility as a scholar. At that place are limitless ways of

structuring a matrix (Sally, 2013).

For example is a synthesis matrix organized by the cardinal studies on your specific topic. Identify six to

twelve studies that are closely related to the focus of your study and that y'all volition use equally the foundation

for your proposed research. In the first cavalcade forth the vertical centrality of the table, list the author and

engagement of publication for each study (Sally, 2013). Then create columns to identify the purpose or

research questions the authors posed, the method used in the written report, characteristics of the sample, the

major findings of the written report, the primary ideas or themes distilled from the findings, how the findings

confirm those of other studies (similarities), and how the findings differ from other studies or offering

information not found in other sources.

Table 2. A synthesis matrix organized by the 1000ey studies

Sources, (Sally, 2013).

Another tools for analyze and synthesize is undertake an initial courseification and grouping of the

articles by blazon of source. Once the initial overview has been completed it is necessary to return to the

articles to undertake a more systematic and disquisitional review of the content. Information technology is recommended that some

type of structure is adopted during this procedure such every bit that proposed by Cohen (1990). This simple

method is referred to as the Preview, Question, Read, Summarize (PQRS) system and it non only keeps

you focussed and consistent but ultimately facilitates easy identification and retrieval of material

particularly if a big number of publications are being reviewed (Cronin, et al, 2008).

Following the preview sthistoric period, a reviewer may stop up with iv stacks of manufactures that are deemed

relevant to the purpose of the review (Cronin, et al, 2008). In the question stage, questions are asked

of each publication. Hither several writers have suggested using an indexing or summary organisation (or a

combination of both) to assist the process (Timmins and McCabe, 2005; Cronin et al, 2008).

Although at that place are slight variations in the criteria proposed in the indexing and summary systems,

more often than not they are concerned with the title of the article, the writer, the purpose and the method

applied in a inquiry report, and findings and outcomes. Information technology is likewise useful to contain comments or

key thoughts on your response to the commodity after it has been reviewed. For the purpose of good tape

keeping, it is suggested that the source and total reference are also included. It can be very frustrating

trying to locate a reference or a fundamental point amongst a plethora of articles at a later stage (Cronin, et al,

2008).

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Equally information technology is probable that not all of the articles will exist primary sources, you may wish to arrange your summary

organization to accommodate other sources, such as systematic reviews or non-research literature. Possible

headings, adjusted from appraisal tools for various types of literature are outlined in Table 3. Although

it may exist laborious at times, each article should be read while trying to respond the questions . Information technology is

worth noting, nonetheless, that if whatsoever aspect of the appraisal is not clear, it may be beneficial to access

more detailed tools or checklists that facilitate further assay or critique (Cronin, et al, 2008).

Table 3. Summary of information required in review

Secondary sources

-review

Journal (total reference):

Journal (full reference):

Journal (full reference):

Review questions/ purpose:

Cardinal thoughts/ comments, e.g.

strengths/ weakness:

Key thoughts/ comments, e.m.

strengths/ weakness:

Cardinal thoughts/ comments, e.thou.

strengths/ weakness:

Source: Cronin et. al. (2008) p. 41

The final phase of appraisal is to write a short summary of each article and may include central thoughts,

comments, strengths and weaknesses of the publication. It should exist written in your own words to

facilitate your understanding of the textile. Information technology likewise forms a good ground for the writing of the review

(Cronin, et al, 2008).

iv.4 Organization of writing the review

The main aim in structuring your review of the literature is to lead your reader to understand the need

to conduct precisely the form of literature review or research newspaper that you propose or accept done. The

fundamental to a good literature review or inquiry paper is the ability to present the findings in such a mode that

it demonstrates your knowledge in a clear and consistent fashion (Cronin, et al, 2008).

The introduction and conclusion to your review of the literature should show how your research

project volition join the on-going conversation: place the key terms and concepts and indicate how your

research volition resolve unresolved questions in others' work. Y'all can also outline the structure of the

review itself — by preview in the introduction, or review in the conclusion — and you can then

foreshadow the direction of the side by side department/ chapter.

iv.4.i Introduction

Cronin, et al (2008) fence that the introduction should include the purpose of the review and a brief

overview of the 'trouble'. Information technology is of import that the literature sources and the fundamental search terms are

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outlined. The introduction will not but present the main topic, but will too make a statement nearly

the status of knowledge in this area of research.

Some areas of business organization in preparing the introduction is (a) Define or identify the general topic or area

of concern to provide a context for reviewing the literature; (b) Point out overall trends, conflicts in

theory, methodology, evidence and conclusions, or gaps in research and scholarship, to identify a

particular trouble; (c) Plant your purpose for reviewing the literature or point of view; explain the

criteria used to select and evaluate the literature; explain what it included or excluded (scope); and

forecast the organization or sequence of the review.

4.four.2 Main body

The main torso of the written report presents and discusses the findings from the literature. There are several

ways in which this can exist done (Cronin et al, 2008; Carnwell & Daly, 2001). Regardless of the manner

in which the primary torso of the review is framed, there are key points that must exist considered. First,

Group inquiry studies and other literature co-ordinate to common denominators such as qualitative or

quantitative approaches, purposes, theories, methodologies, or conclusions. 2d, summarize

individual studies in detail advisable to its comparative importance in the literature and to its

relevance for your research. Third, United states of americae figures and/ or tables to present your own synthesis of the

original data or to evidence cardinal data taken directly from the original papers.

In order for your reader to move through your information with ease while keeping the big picture in

view, order your body paragraphs in the aforementioned manner that you did in the statement near how your

literature review will keep. Order the abstractions (main ideas) from full general to specific, deciding

which sources accept contributions to make to which concepts. You will then present more specific

data from the sources, using in-text citation, to discuss the abstractions in more particular and to

point out areas of understanding or debate among sources. Your body paragraphs should work to not merely

summarize what sources have said, but to demonstcharge per unit relationships between them.

4.4.iii Determination

The conclusion should provide a summary of findings from the literature review. Explain what your

analysis of the material leads you to conclude most the overall land of the literature, what information technology provides

and where it is lacking. Cronin et al (2008) mention that the review should conclude with a concise

summary of the findings that describes electric current cognition and offer a rationale for conducting time to come

inquiry. In a review, which forms function of a written report, any gaps in noesis that have been identified

should lead logically to the purpose of the proposed study. In some cases, it may likewise exist possible to

use the developed themes to construct a conceptual framework that will inform the study. In all

reviews, some recommendations or implications for do, education and research should be

included.

four.4.4 References

The literature review should conclude with a full bibliographical listing of all the books, journal articles,

reports and other media, which were referred to in the work. Regardless of whether the review is part

of a course of study or for publication, it is an essential role of the process that all sourced cloth is

acknowledged. This means that every citation in the text must appear in the reference. Omissions or

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errors in referencing are very common and students often lose vital marks in assignment because of it.

A useful strategy is to create a carve up file for references and each time a publication is cited, it tin exist

added to this list immediately (Cronin et al, 2008).

5 Determination

This article has presented a detailed guide to developing a systematic literature review This guide

presents a step-past - step approach to conveying out the rigorous, scientific methodology of a systematic

literature review. While written generally plenty to be applicable to a broad range of fields,

esspecially specific to social sciences and management.

Whether the approach is qualitative or quantitative will often dictate when and how it is carried out.

Various types of literature reviews may exist used depending on the reasons for carrying out the review

and the overall aims and objectives of the research. Writing a review of the literature is a skill that

needs to exist learned. By conducting them, student or researchers can exist involved in increasing the

knowledge through evidence-based practice.

References

Bocken, Northward. M. P., Curt, South. W., Rana, P., & Evans, S. (2014). A Literature and Exercise Review to

Develop Sustainable Business Model Archetypes. Periodical of Cleaner Production, 65: 42-56.

Carnwell, R., & Daly, W. (2001) Strategies for the Construction of a Critical Review of the Literature.

Nurse Educ Pract 1: 57-63

Colling, J (2003). Demystifying The Clinical Nursing Research Process: The Literature Review. Urol

Nurs 23 (iv): 297–ix.

Cooper, H. Thousand. (1988). The Structure of Knowledge Synthesis. Knowledge in Society, 1: 104- 126.

Cronin, P., Ryan, F., & Coughlan, G. (2008). Undertaking a literature review: a step-past - step

approach. British Journal of Nursing, 17(1): 38 -43.

Emerald Group Publishing (north.d.) How to Write a Literature Review. Retrived from

http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/authors/guides/write/literature.htm.

Galvan, J. Fifty. (2006). Writing literature reviews. Glendale, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.

Hall, T., Beecham, Southward., Bowes, D., Gray, D., & Counsell, S. (northward.d.). A Systematic Literature Review on

Error Prediction Performance in Software Engineering.

Hart, C. (1998). Doing a Literatureastward Review. London: Sage Publications.

Lawrence, C. N. (2011). Writing a Literature Review in the Social Sciences. Retrived from

www.bookish.edu.

Okoli, C., & Schabram, Thou. (2010). A Guide to Conducting a Systematic Literature Review of

Information Systems Research. Sprouts: Westorking Papers on Information Southwardystems, 10(26).

Sally. (2013). A Synthesis Matrix as a Tool for Analyzing and Synthesizing Prior Enquiry. Retrived

from http:// www.academiccoachingandwriting.org/dissertation-doctor/dissertation-doc- blog

iii- a -synthesis-matrix- every bit- a-tool -for-analyzing-and-synthesizing-prior-research.

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San Jose Country University (north.d.) Guidelines for Writing a Review of Literature Retrieved from

http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/christen/review_guidelines.html\.

The University of Northward Carolina at Chapel Hill (n.d.) The Writing Center, Literature Review.

Retrieved from https://writingcenter.unc.edu/files/2012/09/Literature-Reviews-The- Writing-

Center.pdf.

Timmins, F., & McCabe, C. (2005). How to conduct an effective literature review. Nurs Stand, xx

(xi): 41–seven.

USC Libraries. (n.d.) Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper. Retrieved from

http://libguides.usc.edu/writringguide/literaturereview.

Younger, P. (2004). Using the internet to conduct a literature search. Nurs Stand nineteen (6): 45-51

... Para Ramdhani et al. (2014, citado por Rodríguez, 2020, los gestores bibliográficos permiten la revisión de fuentes fiables y de interés que ayudan a dilucidar "el panorama de investigación mediante una visión general de fuentes exploradas, lo cual afianza el trabajo científico o académico due east indica a los lectores como el proyecto de investigación se ajusta a united nations campo general de estudio más amplio". En consecuencia, se puede decir que en cierta medida existe una acción recíproca entre el investigador y la fuente bibliográfica y que puede terminar en un intercambio de papeles; es decir, que no siempre el actor desde su accionar cuestiona el contenido, sino que el contenido puede cuestionar la perspectiva de pensamiento del investigador en cualquier escenario social, tecnológico o educativo. ...

Este es un estudio de caso con enfoque cuali-cuantitativo y nivel descriptivo, sobre cómo los estudiantes perciben el uso del gestor bibliográfico colaborativo digital. El estudio ayuda a reconocer la relevancia de utilizar dicho gestor para cualificar la investigación y la producción académica, desde proyectos que desarrollan estudiantes de la maestría en Tecnologías Digitales Aplicadas a la Educación. Participaron 103 estudiantes de los módulos: Caracterización de la investigación aplicada y Propuesta de investigación aplicada. Los resultados dejan ver que los tesistas valoran positivamente el gestor como dispositivo tecnológico clave para la gestión de la información y del conocimiento; a su vez, permiten inferir que esta herramienta informática en mención facilita la búsqueda, clasificación y análisis de registros bibliográficos, traduciéndose en adecuadas toma de decisiones y mejora en el desempeño tanto académico como de investigación.

... Research method is washed through literature review. Ramdhani et al. defined literature review as an deed to discuss existing literature works in which the literature works discusses a certain discipline besides it may discuss information technology in a certain time (Ramdhani et al., 2014). Therefore this inquiry article will respond the upshot presented in the previous department through literature reviews. ...

  • Axel Victor Christian

States takes measure during Covid-19 Pandemic. Those measures are not unified under the aforementioned standard thus limiting mobility. With the vaccine and then available the measures and standards states have becomes more complicated and not unified. There needs to be a unified measure which is a unified social command through international police force by analysing whether social control is permissible under international law. A unified social control for measures that effect the mobility will unify standards. Information technology is permissible considering the states behaviour under the current Covid-19 Pandemic. Unified control through international should be washed in a treaty or convention. Diplomacy for the success of the treaty then should exist washed through track 2 model of diplomacy which will provide freedom to the states in raising their wills and concern on the corresponding treaty.

... Desain penelitian dengan literature review dimana peneliti harus melakukan pencarian literature secara mendalam, detail, dan teliti. Tujuan literature review memberikan gambaran mengenai penelitian sebelumnya untuk di kolaborasikan dengan gambaran peneliti atau pengarang saat ini sebagai pandangan baru dalam sebuah penelitian (Ramdhani, Ramdhani and Amin, 2014 seharihari pasien seperti akses pasien untuk ke pelayanan terdekat atau ke rumah sakit, memfasilitasi apabila pasien sedang mengalami kekambuhan seperti pasien mengalami amuk keluarga dapat memberikan bantal agar pasien dapat melampiaskan amarahnya tanpa melukai dirinya sendiri, memfasilitasi alat makan dan mandi pasien dimana alat yang digunakan tidak membahayakan pasien, serta memfasilitasi Ketika pasien ingin istirahat seperti ventilasi kamar pasien yang sejuk dan nyaman, tidak terdapat gorden, dsb. g. ...

  • Firda Nur Rahma Santi
  • Heryanto Adi Nugroho
  • Edy Soesanto Edy Soesanto
  • Eni Hidayati

Halusinasi merupakan persepsi dimana individu tidak mampu membedakan antara persepsi nyata dengan tidak nyata, menyebabkan individu akan kehilangan kontrol akan dirinya. Keluarga memiliki pengaruh dalam kesembuhan atau kekambuhan pasien apabila keluarga belum memiliki pengetahuan yang baik mengenai perawatan halusinasi dan dukungannya pada pasien saat mengontrol halusinasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan hubungan pengetahuan keluarga tentang perawatan halusinasi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kemampuan pasien mengontrol halusinasi. Metode yang digunakan yaitu menyeleksi artikel dari berbagai sumber dengan menggunakan Teknik PICO lalu di sesuaikan dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi yang telah di tentukan yaitu artikel terpublikasi maksimal 5 tahun (2016 – 2021), artikel full teks, menggunakan Bahasa Republic of indonesia dan Bahasa inggris, tema artikel pengetahuan keluarga tentang merawat halusinasi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kemampuan mengontrol halusinasi. Berdasarkan analisis artikel disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan pasien mengontrol halusinasi di pengeruhi oleh pengetahuan keluarga tentang merawat anggota keluarganya yang mengalami halusinasi dan adanya pemberian dukungan keluarga yang baik untuk pasien. Saran : keluarga secara mandiri merawat pasien dengan halusinasi, di rekomendasikan masuk dalam intervensi asuhan keperawatan.

... The articles were collected, classified, and reviewed to identify of import information that tin be farther used past diverse stakeholders of the domain of interest. In this context, a cursory reading of the literature needs to be carried out, giving more attending to abstracts of articles as they provide summaries from which readers can make up one's mind its relevance to the domain under investigation [17]. For instance, DiMatteo developed a quantitative review of 50 years of medical enquiry on patient adherence to treatment. ...

Over the by few years, numerous studies and enquiry articles have been published in the medical literature review domain. The topics covered by these researches included medical information retrieval, disease statistics, drug analysis, and many other fields and awarding domains. In this paper, we apply various text mining and data assay techniques in an attempt to discover trending topics and topic cyclopedia in the healthcare literature and data mining field. This analysis focuses on healthcare literature and bibliometric data and word association rules applied to 1945 research articles that had been published between the years 2006 and 2019. Our aim in this context is to assist saving time and attempt required for manually summarizing large-scale amounts of information in such a broad and multidisciplinary domain. To carry out this chore, we apply topic modeling techniques through the utilization of Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), in addition to various certificate and word embedding and clustering approaches. Findings reveal that since 2010 the interest in the healthcare big data assay has increased significantly, equally demonstrated past the five most commonly used topics in this domain.

  • Made Ayu Anggreni
  • Syarif Sumantri
  • Nurbiana dhieni Djalil Nurbiana dhieni Djalil
  • Karnadi Karnadi

Faktor globalisasi menjadi salah satu faktor yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap kondisi internal Republic of indonesia. Sekarang banyak budaya atau kebiasaan dan kepercayaan dari luar yang masuk ke Indonesia tanpa melalui penyaringan padahal seharusnya masyarakat dapat memilih mana yang baik dan mana yang buruk. Pendidikan yang berkualitas dapat menjadi benteng bagi anak-anak dari hal-hal negatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kompetensi guru dalam praktik penerapan budaya pada Lembaga PAUD di Indonesia. Metode penelitian dengan literature review dan menggunakan PRISMA Checklis dilakukan pada bulan Maret – Mei 2021 dan jurnal twenty tahun terakhir, sumber data sekunder artikel jurnal bereputasi baik nasional maupun internasional pada lima database dengan kriteria kualitas tinggi dan sedang, yaitu Scopus, Tandfonline, Inquiry Gate, SagePub dan Schoolar dengan tema kompetensi guru dan tenaga pendidik terlibat menjadi pembelajar dari berbagai komunitas budaya di mana siswa mereka berasal, berkembang sebagai pendidik yang kompeten secara budaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa guru anak usia dini harus berkomitmen untuk mengembangkan pendidikan usia dini yang dapat terlibat dalam pedagogi yang adil dalam praktik pengajaran multikultural. Kualitas suatu pendidikan ditentukan dari berhasil tidaknya guru dalam menyampaikan materi.

  • Budi Darmo Budi Darmo

Ketergantungan untuk mendapatkan efek atau condition dalam masyarakat, membuat seseorang menjadi fetish terhadap produk yang dikonsumsinya. Dalam fetisisme komoditas, iklan sangat berperan dalam menentukan nilai dan makna sebuah produk. Makna palsu yang ditanamkan ke dalam produk membuat seakan-akan kenikmatan nyata-lah yag dikonsumsi dari produk yang digunakan. Dalam Iklan AXE Parfum Saku versi Dijemput Si Cantik terdapat banyak jenis fetisisme komoditas dimana maknamakna saling tumpang tindih menyuarakan kebenarannya. Namun, makna tersebut menjadi penting untuk seseorang atau malah merusak kesadarannya, sehingga melazimkan pemujaan pada komoditi. Pada akhirnya masyarakat harus lebih kritis dalam melihat dan memilih produk yang dikonsumsinya. Kata kunci: fetisisme komoditas, iklan, makna

  • Edy Chandra Edy Chandra

Tren terhadap pemeliharaan terhadap tanaman dalam/luar rumah, yaitu jenis sukulen dan kaktus mulai menjadi sebuah aktivitas baru semasa pandemic covid-19, yang mewajibkan setiap masyarakat global ataupun regional untuk lebih banyak beraktivitas di rumah. Upaya aktivitas ini telah menjadi peluang para wirausahawan ( entrepreneur) pemula untuk memulai jenis usaha dibidang ini, termasuk salah-satunya adalah produk media tanam (pasir malang, sekam, pumice, dll). Pengembangan pada seorang wirausaha muda yang menjual produk media tanam adalah pengembangan pada penciptaan identitas visual pada make produk media tanam dan juuga aplikasi pada media stiker untuk mendukung identitas kemasan di mata konsumen. Proses pengembangan identias melibatkan proyek perancangan visual brand produk secara sederhana yang disampaikan oleh desainer kepada kliennya. Prosesnya melibatkan brainstorming seputar ide-ide visual media tanam dengan sukulen dan kaktus.

  • George Kaliampos George Kaliampos

The last three decades two singled-out trends have emerged within Early Childhood Education, namely Early on Childhood Science Educational activity and Early on Childhood Special Education. The current paper tries to move forth these areas and illuminate the mutual ground that lie between them. In particular, drawing from the formulated empiricist, Piagetian and socio-cognitive trends within Early on Childhood Science Instruction, information technology tries to explore to what extend they could expand in special needs context. In addition, it proposes diverse, specific strategies that emerge from the higher up-mentioned trends and could be implemented in teaching scientific discipline within special needs settings. By so doing, the present paper aspires to set up the frame of a newly born and well-promising trend, that of Early Childhood Special Science Didactics.

  • Zayyan Velda Send
  • Puji Wibowo Puji Wibowo

The adoption of the accrual footing is a milestone in the reform of government financial reporting. State fiscal management policies in the new government era also provided new insights for the evolution of government bookkeeping research. This study aims to provide an overview of the development of regime bookkeeping research in two reputable national journals indexed by SINTA two during the 2015-2019 period. Commodity observations are carried out using the chartered fields method. The results of a study of 43 articles show that accountability and spending are the most popular topics to be discussed. Mixed enquiry methods are still very limited to use in these authorities accounting studies. This study contributes to the direction of government accounting research in the future past providing signals of several interesting inquiry areas to be explored further. ABSTRAKSI Penerapan basis akrual merupakan tonggak bersejarah dalam reformasi pelaporan keuangan pemerintah. Kebijakan pengelolaan keuangan negara pada era pemerintahan baru turut memberikan warna bagi perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintah pada dua jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang terindeks SINTA 2 selama periode 2015-2019. Pengamatan artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode chartered the fields. Hasil studi terhadap 43 artikel menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas dan belanja merupakan topik yang paling populer dibicarakan. Metode riset campuran masih sangat jarang digunakan dalam studi akuntansi pemerintahan tersebut. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa arah riset akuntansi pemerintahan di masa mendatang dengan memberikan sinyal beberapa expanse penelitian yang cukup menarik untuk didalami lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Akrual, akuntansi pemerintah, keuangan negara

  • Zayyan Velda Ship
  • Puji Wibowo Puji Wibowo

The adoption of the accrual basis is a milestone in the reform of government fiscal reporting. State financial management policies in the new authorities era also provided new insights for the development of government accounting research. This report aims to provide an overview of the development of government accounting research in two reputable national journals indexed by SINTA two during the 2015-2019 menses. Article observations are carried out using the chartered fields method. The results of a study of 43 articles evidence that accountability and spending are the nigh popular topics to exist discussed. Mixed enquiry methods are still very limited to utilise in these government accounting studies. This study contributes to the direction of government accounting research in the future by providing signals of several interesting research areas to be explored further. ABSTRAKSI Penerapan basis akrual merupakan tonggak bersejarah dalam reformasi pelaporan keuangan pemerintah. Kebijakan pengelolaan keuangan negara pada era pemerintahan baru turut memberikan warna bagi perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintah pada dua jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang terindeks SINTA ii selama periode 2015-2019. Pengamatan artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode chartered the fields. Hasil studi terhadap 43 artikel menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas dan belanja merupakan topik yang paling populer dibicarakan. Metode riset campuran masih sangat jarang digunakan dalam studi akuntansi pemerintahan tersebut. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa arah riset akuntansi pemerintahan di masa mendatang dengan memberikan sinyal beberapa area penelitian yang cukup menarik untuk didalami lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Akrual, akuntansi pemerintah, keuangan negara

Eco-innovations, eco-efficiency and corporate social responsibility practices define much of the current industrial sustainability agenda. While important, they are bereft in themselves to deliver the holistic changes necessary to achieve long-term social and environmental sustainability. How can we encourage corporate innovation that significantly changes the way companies operate to ensure greater sustainability? Sustainable business concern models (SBM) incorporate a triple bottom line approach and consider a broad range of stakeholder interests, including environment and society. They are important in driving and implementing corporate innovation for sustainability, can help embed sustainability into business purpose and processes, and serve every bit a key driver of competitive advantage. Many innovative approaches may contribute to delivering sustainability through business models, but have not been collated under a unifying theme of business model innovation. The literature and business practice review has identified a wide range of examples of mechanisms and solutions that can contribute to business model innovation for sustainability. The examples were collated and analysed to identify defining patterns and attributes that might facilitate categorisation. Sustainable business organisation model archetypes are introduced to describe groupings of mechanisms and solutions that may contribute to building up the business model for sustainability. The aim of these archetypes is to develop a mutual language that tin can be used to accelerate the development of sustainable business models in research and practice. The archetypes are: Maximise material and energy efficiency; Create value from 'waste material'; Substitute with renewables and natural processes; Deliver functionality rather than ownership; Prefer a stewardship role; Encourage sufficiency; Re-purpose the business organisation for order/environment; and Develop calibration-up solutions.

  • Chitu Okoli Chitu Okoli
  • Kira Schabram

This working newspaper has been thoroughly revised and superseded past 2 singled-out articles. The first is a revised and peer-reviewed version of the original article: Okoli, Chitu (2015), A Guide to Conducting a Standalone Systematic Literature Review. Communications of the Clan for Information Systems (37:43), November 2015, pp. 879-910. This article presents a methodology for conducting a systematic literature review with many examples from IS research and references to guides with further helpful details. The article is bachelor from Google Scholar or from the writer'south website. The second extension commodity focuses on developing theory with literature reviews: Okoli, Chitu (2015), The View from Giants' Shoulders: Developing Theory with Theory-Mining Systematic Literature Reviews. SSRN Working Newspaper Series, December 8, 2015. This commodity identifies theory-mining reviews, which are literature reviews that extract and synthesize theoretical concepts from the source master studies. The article demonstrates by commendation analysis that, in data systems research, this kind of literature review is more highly cited than other kinds of literature review. The article provides detailed guidelines to writing a high-quality theory-mining review.

Groundwork: The accurate prediction of where faults are probable to occur in code can help direct exam endeavour, reduce costs and amend the quality of software. Objective: We investigate how the context of models, the contained variables used and the modelling techniques applied, influence the performance of mistake prediction models. Method:We used a systematic literature review to place 208 fault prediction studies published from Jan 2000 to December 2010. Nosotros synthesise the quantitative and qualitative results of 36 studies which report sufficient contextual and methodological information co-ordinate to the criteria we develop and apply. Results: The models that perform well tend to exist based on simple modelling techniques such every bit Na??ve Bayes or Logistic Regression. Combinations of contained variables have been used by models that perform well. Characteristic selection has been practical to these combinations when models are performing particularly well. Conclusion: The methodology used to build models seems to be influential to predictive operation. Although there are a set of fault prediction studies in which confidence is possible, more studies are needed that use a reliable methodology and which report their context, methodology and performance comprehensively.

  • Ros Carnwell
  • William Daly William Daly

This paper describes the process by which a literature review is conducted. It begins past identifying the purpose of a literature review, and then explores how key words can be used to define the scope of the review, how the review can be organized into t hemes and how conclusions tin be drawn from the literature to inform further studies. Examples from nursing and wellness care are provided to illustrate the processes described.

  • Joyce Colling

The literature review is a critical stride in designing and conducting a credible written report. It might seem tedious at get-go, merely your own ideas volition become improve developed and thoughtful equally y'all critique what other researchers accept done. It will make your written report stronger. Thus, don't skim over this role of the procedure. A expert literature review will make the next steps easier. Information technology will also clinch that you are studying an important area, that the issue has clinical importance to your patients, and that writing and reporting the results volition be easier.